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constant initialization

Sets the initial values of the static variables to a compile-time constant.

Syntax

`static` T `&` ref `= constexpr;`	(1)
`static` T object `= constexpr;`	(2)

Explanation

Constant initialization is performed after (until C++14)instead of (since C++14) zero initialization of the static and thread-local objects and before all other initialization. Only the following variables are constant initialized:

1) Static or thread-local references, if it is bound to static glvalue, to a temporary object (or its subobject), or to a function, and if every expression (including implicit conversions) in the initializer of the reference is a constant expression.

2) Static or thread-local object of class type that is initialized by a constructor call, if the constructor is constexpr and all constructor arguments (including implicit conversions) are constant expressions, and if the initializers in the constructor's initializer list and the brace-or-equal initializers of the class members only contain constant expressions.

3) Static or thread-local object (not necessarily of class type), that is not initialized by a constructor call, if the object is value-initialized or if every expression in its initializer is a constant expression.

The effects of constant initialization are the same as the effects of the corresponding initialization, except that it's guaranteed that it is complete before any other initialization of a static or thread-local object begins, and it may be performed at compile time.

Notes

The compiler is permitted to initialize other static and thread-local objects using constant initialization, if it can guarantee that the value would be the same as if the standard order of initialization was followed.

In practice, constant initialization is performed at compile time, and pre-calculated object representations are stored as part of the program image (e.g. in the .data section). If a variable is both const and constant-initialized, its object representation may be stored in a read-only section of the program image (e.g. the .rodata section).

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <array>
 
struct S {
    static const int c;
};
const int d = 10 * S::c; // not a constant expression: S::c has no preceding
                         // initializer, this initialization happens after const
const int S::c = 5;      // constant initialization, guaranteed to happen first
int main()
{
    std::cout << "d = " << d << '\n';
    std::array<int, S::c> a1; // OK: S::c is a constant expression
//  std::array<int, d> a2;    // error: d is not a constant expression
}

Output:

d = 50

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.